1.Introduction to Physics
1.1 What Is Physics ?
1.2 Physics and Mathematics
1.3 Units
1.4 Definitions of Base Units
1.5 Dimension
1.6 Uses of Dimension
1.7 Order of Magnitude
1.8 The Structure of World
2.Physics and Mathematics
2.1 Vectors and Scalars
2.2 Equality of Vectors
2.3 Addition of Vectors
2.4 Multiplication of a Vector by a Number
2.5 Subtraction of Vectors
2.6 Resolution of Vectors
2.7 Dot Product or Scalar Proudct of Two Vectors
2.8 Cross Product or Vector Product of Two Vectors
2.9 Differential Calculus :dy/dx as Rate Measurer
2.10 Maxima and Minima
2.11 Integral Calculus
2.12 Significant Digits
2.13 Significant Digits in Calculations
2.14 Errors in Measurement
3.Rest and Motion : Kinematics
3.1 Rest and Motion
3.2 Distance and Displacement
3.3 Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed
3.4 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
3.5 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
3.6 Motion in a Straight Line
3.7 Motion in a Plane
3.8 Projectile Motion
3.9 Change of Frame
4.The Forces
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gravitational Force
4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Force
4.4 Nuclear Forces
4.5 Weak Forces
4.6 Scope of Classical Physics
5.Newton’s Laws of Motion
5.1 First Law of Motion
5.2 Second Law of Motion
5.3 Working with Newton’s First and Second Law
5.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
5.5 Pseudo Forces
5.6 The Horse and the Cart
5.7 Inertia
6.Friction
6.1 Friction as the Component of Contact Force
6.2 Kinetic Friction
6.3 Static Friction
6.4 Laws of Friction
6.5 Understanding Friction at Atomic Level
6.6 A Laboratory Method to Measure
7.Circular Motion
7.1 Angular Variables
7.2 Unit Vectors along the Radius and the Tangent
7.3 Acceleration in Circular Motion
7.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion
7.5 Circular Turnings and Banking of Roads
7.6 Centrifugal Force
7.7 Effect of Earth’s Rotation on Apparent Weight
8.Work and Energy
8.1 Kinetic Energy
8.2 Work and Work-energy Theorem
8.3 Calculation of Work Done
8.4 Work-energy Theorem for a System of Particles
8.5 Potential Energy
8.6 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
8.7 Definition of Potential Energy and
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
8.8 Change in the Potential Energy
in a Rigid-body-motion
8.9 Gravitational Potential Energy
8.10 Potential Energy of a Compressed or
Extended Spring
8.11 Different Forms of Energy : Mass Energy
9.Centre of Mass, Linear Momentum, Collision
9.1 Centre of Mass
9.2 Centre of Mass of Continuous Bodies
9.3 Motion of the Centre of Mass
9.4 Linear Momentum and its Conservation Principle
9.5 Rocket Propulsion
9.6 Collision
9.7 Elastic Collision in One Dimension
9.8 Perfectly Inelastic Collision in One Dimension
9.9 Coefficient of Restitution
9.10 Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions
9.11 Impulse and Impulsive Force
10.Rotational Mechanics
10.1 Rotation of a Rigid Body
about a Given Fixed Line
10.2 Kinematics
10.3 Rotational Dynamics
10.4 Torque of a Force about the Axis of Rotation
10.5 Γ = Iα
10.6 Bodies in Equilibrium
10.7 Bending of a Cyclist on a Horizontal Turn
10.8 Angular Momentum
10.9 L = Iω
10.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
10.11 Angular Impulse
10.12 Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body
Rotating About a Given Axis
10.13 Power Delivered and Work Done by a Torque
10.14 Calculation of Moment of Inertia
10.15 Two Important Theorems on Moment of Inertia
10.16 Combined Rotation and Translation
10.17 Rolling
10.18 Kinetic Energy of a Body in Combined
Rotation and Translation
10.19 Angular Momentum of a Body
in Combined Rotation and Translation
10.20 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down ?
11.Gravitation
11.1 Historical Introduction
11.2 Measurement of Gravitational Constant G
11.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
11.4 Gravitational Potential
11.5 Calculation of Gravitational Potential
11.6 Gravitational Field
11.7 Relation between Gravitational Field and Potential
11.8 Calculation of Gravitational Field
11.9 Variation in the Value of g
11.10 Planets and Satellites
11.11 Kepler’s Laws
11.12 Weightlessness in a Satellite
11.13 Escape Velocity
11.14 Gravitational Binding Energy
11.15 Black Holes 218
11.16 Inertial and Gravitational Mass
11.17 Possible Changes in the Law of Gravitation
12.Simple Harmonic Motion
12.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
12.2 Qualitative Nature of Simple Harmonic Motion
12.3 Equation of Motion of a Simple Harmonic Motion
12.4 Terms Associated with Simple Harmonic Motion
12.5 Simple Harmonic Motion as a
Projection of Circular Motion
12.6 Energy Conservation in Simple Harmonic Motion
12.7 Angular Simple Harmonic Motion
12.8 Simple Pendulum
12.9 Physical Pendulum
12.10 Torsional Pendulum
12.11 Composition of Two Simple Harmonic Motions
12.12 Damped Harmonic Motion
12.13 Forced Oscillation and Resonance
13.Fluid Mechanics
13.1 Fluids
13.2 Pressure in a Fluid
13.3 Pascal’s Law
13.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Barometer
13.5 Archimedes’ Principle
13.6 Pressure Difference and Buoyant
Force in Accelerating Fluids
13.7 Flow of Fluids
13.8 Steady and Turbulent Flow
13.9 Irrotational Flow of an
Incompressible and Nonviscous Fluid
13.10 Equation of Continuity
13.11 Bernoulli’s Equation
13.12 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
14.Some Mechanical Properties of Matter
14.1 Molecular Structure of a Material
14.2 Elasticity
14.3 Stress
14.4 Strain
14.5 Hooke’s Law and the Modulii of Elasticity
14.6 Relation between Longitudinal Stress and Strain
14.7 Elastic Potential Energy of a Strained Body
14.8 Determination of Young’s Modulus in Laboratory
14.9 Surface Tension
14.10 Surface Energy
14.11 Excess Pressure Inside a Drop
14.12 Excess Pressure in a Soap Bubble
14.13 Contact Angle
14.14 Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube
14.15 Viscosity
14.16 Flow through a Narrow Tube : Poiseuille’s
Equation
14.17 Stokes’ Law
14.18 Terminal Velocity
14.19 Measuring Coefficient of Viscosity
by Stokes’ Method
14.20 Critical Velocity and Reynolds Number
15.Wave Motion and Waves on a String
15.1 Wave Motion
15.2 Wave Pulse on a String
15.3 Sine Wave Travelling on a String
15.4 Velocity of a Wave on a String
15.5 Power Transmitted along the String
by a Sine Wave
15.6 Interference and the Principle of Superposition
15.7 Interference of Waves Going in Same Direction
15.8 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
15.9 Standing Waves
15.10 Standing Waves on a String Fixed
at Both Ends (Qualitative Discussion)
15.11 Analytic Treatment of Vibration
of a String Fixed at Both Ends
15.12 Vibration of a String Fixed at One End
15.13 Laws of Transverse Vibrations of a
String : Sonometer
15.14 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
15.15 Polarization of Waves
16.Sound Waves
16.1 The Nature and Propagation of Sound Waves
16.2 Displacement Wave and Pressure Wave
16.3 Speed of a Sound Wave in a Material Medium
16.4 Speed of Sound in a Gas : Newton’s
Formula and Laplace’s Correction
16.5 Effect of Pressure, Temperature and
Humidity on the Speed of Sound in Air
16.6 Intensity of Sound Waves
16.7 Appearance of Sound to Human Ear
16.8 Interference of Sound Waves
16.9 Standing Longitudinal Waves
and Vibrations of Air Columns
16.10 Determination of Speed of Sound in Air
16.11 Beats
16.12 Diffraction
16.13 Doppler Effect
16.14 Sonic Booms
16.15 Musical Scale
16.16 Acoustics of Buildings
17.Light Waves
17.1 Waves or Particles
17.2 The Nature of Light Waves
17.3 Huygens’ Principle
17.4 Young’s Double Hole Experiment
17.5 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
17.6 Optical Path
17.7 Interference from Thin Films
17.8 Fresnel’s Biprism
17.9 Coherent and Incoherent Sources
17.10 Diffraction of Light
17.11 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Single Slit
17.12 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Circular Aperture
17.13 Fresnel Diffraction at a Straight Edge
17.14 Limit of Resolution
17.15 Scattering of Light
17.16 Polarization of Light
18.Geometrical Optics
18.1 Reflection at Smooth Surfaces
18.2 Spherical Mirrors
18.3 Relation Between u, v and R for Spherical Mirrors
18.4 Extended Objects and Magnification
18.5 Refraction at Plane Surfaces
18.6 Critical Angle
18.7 Optical Fibre
18.8 Prism
18.9 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces
18.10 Extended Objects : Lateral Magnification
18.11 Refraction through Thin Lenses
18.12 Lens Maker’s Formula and Lens Formula
18.13 Extended Objects : Lateral Magnification
18.14 Power of a Lens
18.15 Thin Lenses in Contact
18.16 Two Thin Lenses Separated By a Distance
18.17 Defects of Images
19.Optical Instruments
19.1 The Eye
19.2 The Apparent Size
19.3 Simple Microscope
19.4 Compound Microscope
19.5 Telescopes
19.6 Resolving Power of a Microscope and a Telescope
19.7 Defects of Vision
20.Dispersion and Spectra
20.1 Dispersion
20.2 Dispersive Power
20.3 Dispersion without Average Deviation
and Average Deviation without Dispersion
20.4 Spectrum
20.5 Kinds of Spectra
20.6 Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectrum
20.7 Spectrometer
20.8 Rainbow
21.Speed of Light
21.1 Historical Introduction
21.2 Fizeau Method
21.3 Foucault Method
21.4 Michelson Method
22.Photometry
22.1 Total Radiant Flux
22.2 Luminosity of Radiant Flux
22.3 Luminous Flux : Relative Luminosity
22.4 Luminous Efficiency
22.5 Luminous Intensity or Illuminating Power
22.6 Illuminance
22.7 Inverse Square Law
22.8 Lambert’s Cosine Law
22.9 Photometers
23.Heat and Temperature
23.1 Hot and Cold Bodies
23.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
23.3 Defining Scale of Temperature : Mercury
and Resistance Thermometers
23.4 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer
23.5 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale
23.6 Celsius Temperature Scale
23.7 Ideal Gas Equation
23.8 Callender’s Compensated Constant
Pressure Thermometer
23.9 Adiabatic and Diathermic Walls
23.10 Thermal Expansion
24.Kinetic Theory of Gases
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
24.3 Calculation of the Pressure of an Ideal Gas
24.4 rms Speed
24.5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature
24.6 Deductions from Kinetic Theory
24.7 Ideal Gas Equation
24.8 Maxwell’s Speed Distribution Law
24.9 Thermodynamic State
24.10 Brownian Motion
24.11 Vapour
24.12 Evaporation
24.13 Saturated and Unsaturated Vapour :
Vapour Pressure
24.14 Boiling
24.15 Dew Point
24.16 Humidity
24.17 Determination of Relative Humidity
24.18 Phase Diagrams : Triple Point
24.19 Dew and Fog
25.Calorimetry
25.1 Heat as a Form of Energy
25.2 Units of Heat
25.3 Principle of Calorimetry
25.4 Specific Heat Capacity and Molar Heat Capacity
25.5 Determination of Specific Heat Capacity
in Laboratory
25.6 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion and Vaporization
25.7 Measurement of Specific Latent Heat
Fusion of Ice
25.8 Measurement of Specific Latent Heat of
Vaporization of Water
25.9 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
26.Laws of Thermodynamics
26.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
26.2 Work Done by a Gas
26.3 Heat Engines
26.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
26.5 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
26.6 Entropy
26.7 Carnot Engine
27.Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
27.1 Two Kinds of Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
27.2 Relation Between Cp and Cv for an Ideal Gas
27.3 Determination of Cp of a Gas
27.4 Determination of Cv of a Gas
27.5 Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
27.6 Relations between p, V, T in
a Reversible Adiabatic Process
27.7 Work Done in an Adiabatic Process
27.8 Equipartition of Energy
28.Heat Transfer
28.1 Thermal Conduction
28.2 Series and Parallel Connection of Rods
28.3 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of a Solid
28.4 Convection
28.5 Radiation
28.6 Prevost Theory of Exchange
28.7 Blackbody Radiation
28.8 Kirchhoff’s Law
28.9 Nature of Thermal Radiation
28.10 Stefan–Boltzmann Law
28.11 Newton’s Law of Cooling
28.12 Detection and Measurement of Radiation
29.Electric Field and Potential
29.1 What Is Electric Charge ?
29.2 Coulomb’s Law
29.3 Electric Field
29.4 Lines of Electric Force
29.5 Electric Potential Energy
29.6 Electric Potential
29.7 Electric Potential due to a Point Charge
29.8 Relation between Electric Field and Potential
29.9 Electric Dipole
29.10 Torque on an Electric Dipole Placed
in an Electric Field
29.11 Potential Energy of a Dipole Placed
in a Uniform Electric Field
29.12 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
29.13 The Electric Field inside a Conductor
30.Gauss’s Law
30.1 Flux of an Electric Field through a Surface
30.2 Solid Angle
30.3 Gauss’s Law and Its Derivation
from Coulomb’s Law
30.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law
30.5 Spherical Charge Distributions
30.6 Earthing a Conductor
31.Capacitors
31.1 Capacitor and Capacitance
31.2 Calculation of Capacitance
31.3 Combination of Capacitors
31.4 Force between the Plates of a Capacitor
31.5 Energy Stored in a Capacitor and
Energy Density in Electric Field
31.6 Dielectrics
31.7 Parallel-plate Capacitor with a Dielectric
31.8 An Alternative Form of Gauss’s Law
31.9 Electric Field due to a Point Charge q
Placed in an Infinite Dielectric
31.10 Energy in the Electric field in a Dielectric
31.11 Corona Discharge
31.12 High-voltage Generator
32.Electric Current In Conductors
32.1 Electric Current and Current Density
32.2 Drift Speed
32.3 Ohm’s Law
32.4 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
32.5 Battery and emf
32.6 Energy Transfer in an Electric Circuit
32.7 Kirchhoff’s Laws
32.8 Combination of Resistors in Series and Parallel
32.9 Grouping of Batteries
32.10 Wheatstone Bridge
32.11 Ammeter and Voltmeter
32.12 Stretched-wire Potentiometer
32.13 Charging and Discharging of Capacitors
32.14 Atmospheric Electricity
33.Thermal and Chemical Effects of Electric
Current
33.1 Joule’s Laws of Heating
33.2 Verification of Joule’s Laws
33.3 Seebeck Effect
33.4 Peltier Effect
33.5 Thomson Effect
33.6 Explanation of Seebeck, Peltier
and Thomson Effects
33.7 Electrolysis
33.8 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
33.9 Voltameter or Coulombmeter
33.10 Primary and Secondary Cells
33.11 Primary Cells
33.12 Secondary Cell : Lead Accumulator
34.Magnetic Field
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Definition of Magnetic Field B
34.3 Relation between Electric and Magnetic Fields
34.4 Motion of a Charged Particle
in a Uniform Magnetic Field
34.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Wire
34.6 Torque on a Current Loop
35.Magnetic Field due to a Current
35.1 Biot–Savart Law
35.2 Magnetic Field due to Current in a Straight Wire
35.3 Force between Parallel Currents
35.4 Field due to a Circular Current
35.5 Ampere’s Law
35.6 Magnetic Field at a Point
due to a Long, Straight Current
35.7 Solenoid
35.8 Toroid
36.Permanent Magnets
36.1 Magnetic Poles and Bar Magnets
36.2 Torque on a Bar Magnet
Placed in a Magnetic Field
36.3 Magnetic Field due to a Bar Magnet
36.4 Magnetic Scalar Potential
36.5 Terrestrial Magnetism
36.6 Determination of Dip at a Place
36.7 Neutral Point
36.8 Tangent Galvanometer
36.9 Moving-coil Galvanometer
36.10 Shunt
36.11 Tangent Law of Perpendicular Fields
36.12 Deflection Magnetometer
36.13 Oscillation Magnetometer
36.14 Determination of M and BH
36.15 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
37.Magnetic Properties of Matter
37.1 Magnetization of Materials :
Intensity of Magnetization
37.2 Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism and
Diamagnetism
37.3 Magnetic Intensity H
37.4 Magnetic Susceptibility
37.5 Permeability
37.6 Curie’s Law
37.7 Properties of Dia-, Para- and
Ferromagnetic Substances
37.8 Hysteresis
37.9 Soft Iron and Steel
38.Electromagnetic Induction
38.1 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
38.2 Lenz’s Law
38.3 The Origin of Induced emf
38.4 Eddy Current
38.5 Self-induction
38.6 Growth and Decay of Current in an LR Circuit
38.7 Energy Stored in an Inductor
38.8 Mutual Induction
38.9 Induction Coil
39.Alternating Current
39.1 Alternating Current
39.2 AC Generator or AC Dynamo
39.3 Instantaneous and rms Current
39.4 Simple AC Circuits
39.6 Vector Method to Find the Current
in an AC Circuit
39.6 More AC Circuits
39.7 Power in AC Circuits
39.8 Choke Coil
39.9 Hot-wire Instruments
38.10 DC Dynamo
39.11 DC Motor
39.12 Transformer
40.Electromagnetic Waves
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Maxwell’s Displacement Current
40.3 Continuity of Electric Current
40.4 Maxwell’s Equations and
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
40.5 Energy Density and Intensity
40.6 Momentum
40.7 Electromagnetic Spectrum and
Radiation in Atmosphere
41.Electric Current through Gases
41.1 Discharge through Gases at Low Pressure
41.2 Cathode Rays
41.3 Canal Rays or Positive Rays
41.4 Discovery and Properties of Electron
41.5 Thermionic Emission
41.6 Diode Valve
41.7 Triode Valve
41.8 Triode as an Amplifier
42.Photoelectric Effect and Wave–Particle Duality
42.1 Photon Theory of Light
42.2 Photoelectric Effect
42.3 Matter Waves
Worked Out Examples
43.Bohr’s Model and Physics of the Atom
43.1 Early Atomic Models
43.2 Hydrogen Spectra
43.3 Difficulties with Rutherford’s Model
43.4 Bohr’s Model
43.5 Limitations of Bohr’s Model
43.6 The Wave Function of an Electron
43.7 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom
43.8 Nomenclature in Atomic Physics
43.9 Laser
44.X-rays
44.1 Production of X-rays
44.2 Continuous and Characteristic X-rays
44.3 Soft and Hard X-rays
44.4 Moseley’s Law
44.5 Bragg’s Law
44.6 Properties and Uses of X-rays
45.Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Energy Bands in Solids
45.3 The Semiconductor
45.4 p-type and n-type Semiconductors
45.5 Density of Charge Carriers and Conductivity
45.6 p-n Junction
45.7 p-n Junction Diode
45.8 p-n Junction as a Rectifier
45.9 Junction Transistors
45.10 Logic Gates
46.The Nucleus
46.1 Properties of a Nucleus
46.2 Nuclear Forces
46.3 Binding Energy
46.4 Radioactive Decay
46.5 Law of Radioactive Decay
46.6 Properties and Uses of Nuclear Radiation
46.7 Energy from the Nucleus
46.8 Nuclear Fission
46.9 Uranium Fission Reactor
46.10 Nuclear Fusion
46.11 Fusion in Laboratory
47.The Special Theory of Relativity
47.1 The Principle of Relativity
47.2 Are Maxwell’s Laws Independent of Frame ?
47.3 Kinematical Consequences
47.4 Dynamics at Large Velocity
47.5 Energy and Momentum
47.6 The Ultimate Speed
47.7 Twin Paradox
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